Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Six Faith Affirmations (Iman) and Importance of Shariah Essay

Six trustingness Affirmations (Iman) and Importance of shariah - Essay ExampleThis paper is focused on interpretations of six faith affirmations and positions Shariah as a modern alternative for legal principles development. Six faith affirmations Iman has six prefatorial pillars. In accordance with them either Muslim should believe in Allah, angels, revealed books, commissioned Missioners, resurrection and events of Qiyamah, predestination of all things in the world. It is thinkable to interpret these principles in the following way belief in Allah should be considered as the first basic pillar of Iman. It is impossible to develop the Islamic personality avoiding this belief. Further on, it is evident that this principle is the basic hire for every individual. Gods worshipping is possible only when this first belief is taken by Muslims for granted. Allah is the mend Creator and orders the actions of his creations only in the ways that may please him. God leads to paradise and people be guided only by the Creator. The Islamic personalities need Gods forgiveness. stamp in Allah should non be followed by Muslims only because it is a way to paradise. They can enter paradise only if they ar allowed by God to enter there. The second pillar, belief in the Angels, can be explained as follows angels comprise among other creations of God. They are real beings and they were created from light. Quran describes angels Jibreel is responsible for delivering revelation Mikail brings the rain, Israfil blows the horn on Qiyamah Malik-ul-Maut takes away human souls afterwards death. in that location are also the Noble Recorders responsible for recording of peoples actions. The Protectors (Al-Muaqqibat) prevent people from death. Two angels, impertinent to each other are Ridhwan and Malik. The former is responsible for Paradise and the latter for Hell. Munkar and Nakir are the questioners in the grave. There are also other angels, responsible for recording the fut ure of fetus, those who entered the Haraam and some others. There are necessitate quotes in the divine books of Muslim that belief in the angels is one of the most important things for the Islamic personalities Belief in the angels is an integral part of Iman (2/285 Al-Baqara), Kufr with respect to the angels is Kufr (4/136 An-Nisaa). Therefore, belief in the angels is the integrative part of belief in Allah. It is very important to believe in angels, because they are spiritual mediators of the words of Allah. It is possible to claim that every component of Iman is very important in the Islamic religion, but the role of angels as promoters of Allah intentions strengthens developments of Quran and the Sunnah. Belief in the Books of Allah is outlined in Quran, because they should be followed by truly devoted Muslims. These are As-Suhuf of Ibrahim and Musa, Az-Zaboor given to Daud, At-Taurat revealed to Musa, Al-Injeel revealed to Isa, Al-Quran - the final examination revelation. Mor eover, Quran has the following characteristics it is flawless (41/42 Fusilat) this book is the final authority (5/48 Al-Maidah), guidance and a benignity (10/37 Yunus). The importance and guidance of Quran is explained by the Prophet The Book of Allah in it is give-and-take of those who came before you news of what is to come after you the ruling on that which is between you it is the decisive criterion, and is not jest (Six Affirmations of Iman). There are a lot of comparisons of this Holy Book and it is often mentioned that

Monday, April 29, 2019

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process Essay

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process - Essay modellingAnother key issue is the increasing economic challenges in todays society. According to Shulman (1996) there should be acknowledgment that economic pressures have highlighted the need for individual and support groups to provide emotional and psychological support for those that ar most challenged.Coupled with globalization, people argon not only having to deal with the favorable changes still likewise have to deal with the accelerated pace of these developments. Gitterman and Shulman (2005) that this issue had served to highlight competencies and deficiencies of sectors in the society that calls for a brush up of previous standards and approaches for social services. This opinion was as well given by Blank (2002) and has prompted him to call for the evaluation of perspectives in welfare and social care not only as a service but also with regard to the factors that drive needs. The reaction has been not just in he alth and social service reforms but also in the involvement of the community. In the UK, in an effort to improve channels of services, the government has found community based programs to deliver or provide for social services (Lalor et al, 2005). ... As the demand for social services increase, so will the cost of providing and accessing social services increase a development that has special(a) access to social and health services particularly in less affluent communities and further aggravates disparities in socio-economics levels. Thus, service partnerships and collaborating between the sectors of education, social and health services have increased in significance. The efforts also are an indication of greater awareness in the community regarding the urgency of social issues particularly those that affect children and the marginalized.The cultivate Social Work and Attendance DepartmentThe School Social Work and Attendance Department in the Broward County School is a local eff ort that is committed to positively impacting learner achievement by addressing and removing barriers to instruction (SSWAD, 2007a). The programs include the assignment of social workers to each school, abuse and truancy interventions, counseling, health education, psychological services and programs for transcendent students. SSWAD wants to accomplish its objectives by ensuring that all students have access to the wide array of services provided the department assigns a school social worker assigned to every school. The initiative echoes Broward County Schools campaign of transforming education one student at a time (Broward County Public Schools BCPS, 2007)The school social worker intervenes as part of the schools collaborative Problem-Solving Team, the Crisis Team, and additionally, provides training and teachers consultation regarding child abuse, homelessness, teenage pregnancy, mental health concerns, dependency, and

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion - Assignment ExampleIt was conducted in a very(prenominal) harsh and cruel way not caring on the way it would influence the operations of the stanch (Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, and Michael T. Matteson 2011). Operations in the military air force are not so policy-making since they are rational and geared towards meeting the objectives of the organization since the operations of the firms are largely partially independent. Commandants and supervisors engage the evaluation in a way that the employees are not aware of any negativity.Managers and supervisors in the margin of making efforts to improve on productivity to improve performance and productivity in terms of productivity and growth are advised to always embrace the use of the tools such as rewarding jobs sanitary done. A reward motivates and allows employees to improve on their effectiveness and efficiency. They as well make external employees to motive to join the organization in which such measure are employed making the organization be in possession of access to a large pool of labor force. Rewards both intrinsic and extrinsic well utilise has effected a realization of job satisfaction, which is supportive to welfare of the general employee fraternity (Ivancevich, John M., Robert Konopaske, and Michael T. Matteson 2011).When a country is faced with external attacks and the military is engaged in defending the country. Collective and individual rewards to the officer, who ranges from predilection from the citizen, monetary rewards by the employer. Others such as leave after hard work and finally progression of the officers engaged depending on the performance of each would realize rejuvenated efforts after the reward are implemented

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Create a dialogue between two people. Describe and critique two Essay

Create a discourse between two hoi polloi. Describe and critique two perspectives on righteousness - Essay ExampleI deliberate in useful ethics and I would like to discuss it with you and maybe learn somewhat your moral basis. Steve was delighted by the topic and replied, I earn besides noted our differences and attributed it to diversity. Discussing our moral determine would be important to our interpersonal relationship and will improve our perspective on our environments. I believe in deontology ethics. Could you please tell me about your honorable perspective? David Utilitarian ethical perspective is establish on the concept maximum trustworthy to a majority of members of the lodge (Brooks and Dunn 183). It informs judgment on a act, whether of commission or of omission, based on effects on members of the society and therefore means that morality of an act is determined after members of the society have interacted with the act and its effects, both positive and negativ e have been observed. The act is then said to be unethical if realized bad effects on members of the society argon more significant than benefits from the act. It is however considered moral if greater benefits can be derived from it and this identifies two perspectives to ascertain ethics in an act, the extent of effects on people and the number of people that the act affect. Utilitarianism also relates to decisions whose implementation has effects on people. Rule utilitarianism explains this by offering rules that can lead to maximum good in a society. A decision to restrict a persons right to dope in a public place is for example moral under utilitarian ethics because objet dart it may infringe the smokers need and may be cause distress, it will be beneficial to many other people I the immediate environment through ensuring clean atmosphere and protecting the peoples lives (Kanniyakonil 65- 66). David I should have been keen to note that your judgments are based on consequent ialism. My ethical perspective, deontology, is however a rule based perspective to moral judgment. The perspective associates morality with handicraft that is expected of people in a society and is based on social rules. It is different from your ethical perspective because it disregards consequences of an act or a decision. An act that is consistent with established rules is for example considered ethical notwithstanding its negative consequence to members of the society and an act that contradicts existing rules and obligations is considered immoral irrespective of the net benefit that in which it results. considering your example of smoking in a public place and suppose that a the society allows people to smoke in public places, then the act of smoking is considered moral regardless of the air taint and its associated effects on peoples health (Basford and Slevin 214, Showler 21) David Reliance on rules for judging decisions and actions has the benefits in decent judgment and this is contrary to the scope of your utilitarian approach that also appear to be subjective. One of my concerns with utilitarian approach to ethics is the lack of a suitable measure for benefits and harm of an act. There is no precedent measure and this compromises reliability and fairness because some people may be more sensitive than others are while some may exaggerate consequences. It is also difficult to identify population segments that have been bear on by an act or a decis

Friday, April 26, 2019

Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hysteria - look for ExampleThe hysterical person claims one or more(prenominal) of many difficulties or disorders. These include have it off or partial inability to hear or see, prolonged layovers of forgetting (amnesia), inability to catch any(prenominal) Zs or residue walking (somnambulism), loss of speech (aphoria), trances, muscular habits (spasms tics or tremors) and apparent epileptic seizures (idiopathic epilepsy), conversion hysteria in which metal conflicts re converted into physical notes such as paralysis, blindness and anesthesia, the fugus or flight, in which an individual(a) becomes amnesic for personal past and multiple personality, in which individuals personality splits into two or more hard-hitting personalities with dissociation of consciousness.Amnesia is a condition where the person cannot recall certain past experiences of his life. In serviceable amnesia, there is no brain damage as is found in some other forms. The bury material remains inaccessibl e to the person, but can be restored after treatment. Because the person cannot cope with this weighed down material, there is repression so that it can be eliminated from the consciousness.Fugus states are characterized by a general amnesia for the persons blameless past, including who he is and where he lived. This is associated with a flight (fugue) where the person wanders away from home and then days, weeks, and sometimes geezerhood later, finds himself in a strange place, not knowing how he got there, and not remembering about the period of fugue.In some cases, a person has lived away from his original home for ten or more years, starting a new occupation, building a family, only to reawaken later, missing his place of origin.In somnambulism, certain thoughts become so strong during sleep as to determine the persons behavior. The person rises and carries out some act. Like multiple personalities, there is some dissociation of some sub-system within the personality which is expressed during sleep and for which nothing is remembered during the waking state.Multiple personalities are rare. It is as if several parts of personality have not been successfully integrated so they become separated or dissociated from each other and the person a great deal shifts from one to the other. There appear to be several complete systems of personality with each system having obvious emotional and thought processes, different from each other. When one personality is free and impulsive, another is inhibited and responsible.In conversion reaction, the person suffers from physical symptoms with o organic basis. It could be in the form of anesthesia (loss of predisposition of some body part) where the person does not feel any pain or sensation in that part of the body.Diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder as defined in the DSM-IV are as follows unmatchable or more symptoms or deficits are present that affect voluntary motor or sensory(prenominal) function that sug gest a neurologic or other general medical condition. Psychologic factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or de

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Medication errors and prevention in nursing Research Paper

Medication errors and prevention in nursing - Research writing Exampleional practice, health care products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing order communication product labeling, packaging, and nomenclature compounding dispensing distribution judicial system education monitoring and use.The superlative cause of the errors in medication is significantly associated to limited technology in most healthcare facilities among opposite personal factors like social stress, fatigue and incompetence. Research findings have effected that modern technology can be applied with relatively high effectiveness in basis of precision and accuracy of medical related services delivery (Aspden & Institute of Medicine, 2006). The best known management for hospitals to protect patients from errors is by adopting technology called computerized physician order entry (CPOE). The physician or any other authorized prescriber enters orders for a patient on a computer that contains patient inf ormation such as key lab values, clinical condition, allergies, etc. The computer checks the safety and appropriateness of the order and sends it electronically to the drugstore (Aspden & Institute of Medicine, 2006).In the Colchicine example, a good CPOE system would alert the physician to the misplaced decimal in the order, and the best systems would prevent the order from being written in the first place. In my mind, one of the greatest advances of CPOE is that it eliminates the need for pharmacists to decipher physician handwriting. Ive often wondered how they do that. Increased awareness creation finished periodic seminars would also address personal issues that contribute to such mistakes by

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Essay - Assignment ExampleMoreover, the modernism paradigm is inherently intertwined with culture and Eysteinsson and Liska argue that in terms of literary criticism, modernism constitutes one of the most prominent theatres of literary studies today (Eysteinsson and Liska, 20071). Indeed, trail anthologist Rainey asserts that in literary terms modernists were giants, monsters of nature who loomed so large that contemporaries could only gape at them in awe (Rainey 2007, p.xix)However, whilst modernism is instrumental in approaching literary context, it is evident that it is however, a field that stands in a very ambiguous relationship to the present literary and heathen situation scholars and critics are seeking to draw a balance sheet with modernism (Eysteinsson and Liska, 20071).The concept of modernism in the cultural consciousness evolved through the end of Queen Victorias reign between the nineteenth and 20th century. Indeed, Gillies and Mahood (2007) refer to publisher Gran t Allens remarks in 1889 that everybody nowadays talks about evolution. Like electricity, the cholera, womens rights, the great mining boom, and the Eastern question, it is in the air (In Gillies & Mahood, 2007 3). To this end, it is evident that the cultural transition between the nineteenth and twentieth century towards a modernist socio-cultural model is a central causal factor in explaining the concomitant distinction of early twentieth century literature in the modernist discourse.For example, if we consider this proposition contextually, Gillies and Mahood refer to Aldous Huxleys female protagonist Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928) comments that living modernlys, living promptly. Moreover, constant references to make it new meshed itself in ever increasingly formalised definitions of

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

The spanish company ZARA, is an example of globalization;how and why Essay

The spanish company ZARA, is an example of globalizationhow and why - test ExampleZara is matchless of such names as it has long been impacting the life of customers and the economies of many countries that it has maintained its headache-base.This component part of research paper examines microeconomic concepts regarding economies of scale, profit strategies, effective use of resources and market forms in relation to Zaras business and marketing landscapes. This paper aims to illustrate the global business aspects of Zara and explain how Zara has maintained sustainable business as well as competitive advantages.Zara International Inc. is the flagship brand for Europes lushest-growing apparel retailer, the Inditex (Industria de Diseno), one of the largest fashion and design retail groups in the world. It runs through more than 4,000 clothing stores in more than 70 countries and 400 cities worldwide (Plunkett, p. 237). Not only the retailing strategies, but also the marketing conc epts and ideologies that Zara has been imple custodyting for its business pay become better business-model and academically significant strategies. Zara runs more than 200 kids shops in some 75 countries, and sells womens, mens and childrens apparel to its customers worldwide. (Yahoo Finance, 2011).As Tamer (p. 484) noted, Zara has emerged to be the leader in rapid-response retailing. Its in-house teams for designing and manufacturing its products take on fresh designs twice a week. The total turn-around time at Zara is just two weeks whereas its competitors have typically an 11-month lead time to move a garment from design to manufacturing. One of the main success factors that helped Zara carry out greater reputation and long term sustainable competitive advantage is that it has always been very fast and flexible in meeting market needs by integrating design, production, distribution and sales through out its own stores.The supply chain system of Zara International Inc is also l ightning

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy Research Paper

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy - Research Paper ExampleIn other words, organizational culture refers to the basic beliefs and aims of any organization, and how all the work and purposes of that organization will short-circuit around those beliefs and aims. The key to a strong organization lies in developing their organizational culture, such that it is peculiar to each organization, yet commonly understood by all members within the organization (Parker, 200). This basically bureau that every person in the organization should have a clear idea of what they are workings for, what their core beliefs as a member of the organization are and what is the main purpose of the firm.It is clear all the same that these beliefs and strategies are not developed on their own. Any successful organization will find itself headed by a leader who has a clear pile of the purpose and future of their organization, and who does their best to instill this vision in the members of their organ ization (Kotter and Heskett, 192). Strong organizational culture is developed by organizational members in leadership positions, whether or not they are the founding members of that organization. The success of any organization lies in the hands of their leaders and in how successful those leaders are in developing this organizational strategy and culture.Consider for ensample the organizational culture and strategy of Apple Inc. Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company initially started out as a computer technology organization, but over time developed into an organization focused more on consumer retail goods. Apple is both famous and infamous for its passing publicized organization culture, accredited highly to Steve Jobs, both in its success and its infamy.Apple Inc. enjoys a highly unique organizational culture, varied in its style from almost any of its time. The aims of the company are straightforward and simple the company

Monday, April 22, 2019

Circuit analysis lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Circuit analysis - Lab Report ExampleAccording to ( Sharma) commode also known as pot is generally used in circles to provide variable electric resistance or variable voltage. Here, the transmission of power is possible with DC voltage hence DC grunge components are loaded in the software to aid the experiment.The main objective of the study is to get a line the relationship between electric circuit configuration and other components in determining the output of current to the circuit. In the experiment, the main both components are the potentiometer and the LED. For this study, the integral platform is the Multisim software which aids in circuit simulation and calculating which in turn gives chance to the researcher to create analyze and optimize circuit board. Here the main objective is to utilize the ideal software like multisim because it helps the experimenter in circuit designing and voltage valuation.The experiment is conducted with the help of Multisim software where c ircuits in different configuration like parallel, combination and two components are set up. In the first step, the circuit measurements are taken and are fed in to the software. Next through the multisim software, the circuit is constructed. For this purpose, the design layout is used and for the experiment with components the immunity tool section in the software is used. Then the component label is set as R1 and R2 and value is set as 2.2 K and 5.1k respectively. Next, the R2 component is arranged vertically by rotating it 90 degree. Then the DC voltage and DC ground components are added in the software with this the component insertion occurs and the sample circuit is showcased in the software space. but in the experiment the wires are added with voltage value which is 2.1. Then the multimeter is placed above each resistor to gauge the voltage drop and these are called XMM1 and XMM2 respectively. Later the

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Advertising and its affects on children Research Paper

Advertising and its affects on children - Research study Exampleising is an important tool for making the organisation successful as advert creates awargonness to the consumers that a certain product and service exists in the market. The effects of advert can be both decreed and negative.It basically depends on the individual as to what extent has the advertising message been interpreted. The old generation whitethorn know how to perceive the messages of advertising but some young people, curiously children may have affects of advertising in a negative way.Children argon immature and they dont know what is right or wrong for them. Some advertisements may have senior high schoolly negative impacts on the children. The advertising company focuses on making the advertisements attractive so the people be return attracted towards the products or service but children may be affected negatively.It is difficult for parents to avoid their children from viewing the advertisements that are run on television. Parents may have to sue upon monitoring their children in truth carefully while the watch TV and this can be a very difficult thing to do as to take out time for this is also difficult for parents.The advertising process allows the children to gain knowledge about the different types of products that are available in the market especially the various technological innovations taking place in the products. Play stations, X-Box and other such types of games are of high concern to children and they get to know more about this through the advertising channels.Also the different types of products, that is for children come into their knowledge through advertising. Chocolates, and other such food products, children tooth pastes and shampoos etc are all of high interest to the children. These products are used by the children on a daily basis and their importance and positive effects are usually demonstrated in the advertisements.The other positive affect of advertisin g is that the advertisements are made so attractive that it convinces the

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Conduct some independent research on a controversial public policy (at Essay

Conduct some independent research on a controversial public policy (at any level of government) addressing some aspect of techno - Essay Example regular the First Amendment is deemed insufficient to shelter citizens rights to randomness access (Halperin 1985, 114). Concerns have risen to surface regarding who decides which info is to be made available to the public. Even after reforms and expansion of the law had taken place, most agencies cannot release education within the twenty-day median timeline. In addition, two questions still linger on every information request that gets filed (1) what information should be released and (2) what information should be withheld (Martin 2008, 60). As a public affairs professional, I acknowledge the precarious situation policymakers and federal agencies are forced to deal with. There is a fine line between what can be disclosed and what needs to be hidden. This is a balancing act that policymakers need to deal with whenever the handling of information is involved in every bill that gets debated on the halls of the legislative. On the other hand, federal agencies need to cautiously interpret and understand the laws which govern the processing and releasing of requested information by the public. Braman (2009) showed how much information technology has changed how the United States Constitution protects civil liberties and democratic processes. On the other hand, Rich (2011) disclosed how topic security concerns may affect how citizens right to privacy might be violated.

Friday, April 19, 2019

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing - Research Paper Examplein the world, and the means through which these atomic number 18 reported, eventual(prenominal)ly have a profound and lasting impact with regards to the awareness of society, taste of class, differentiation of race, and ultimate understanding of self worth. As such, the impact that the news media has with regards to helping an individual understand each of these convoluted interpersonal and societal kinetics is profound. Due to the unique history that the United States has thus far exhibited, a unique current of racial tension and undercurrent of strife live ons at almost every aim of society. This is partly due to the fact that racial perceptions of African-Americans and black activisms are inherently stronger as compared to those that exist within white communities and individuals. The MOVE battery in Philadelphia shows the disparity in treatment of black militants, two for their tactics and the representation. In the after math of the MOVE bombing, those responsible downplay the racial undertones of the decision to bomb the activist however, scholars and researchers note the fact that even when political projects, Overtly claim to hold colorblind views, (they) covertly manipulate racial fears in order to achieve political gains. (Omni & Winant 58). . As a means of understanding the way in which media and society effectively redefined a particular issue as a means of making it more(prenominal) palatable, this particular analysis will focus upon the 1970s and 1980s with respect to activism, black militant activism, and the microcosm of understanding is that the MOVE bombing of Philadelphia can help the reader to achieve. It is the further hope of this author that such a level of understanding will be useful with regards to not only understanding the unique dynamics of societal and racial tensions that helps to define the era in question, it is also the hope of this author that the MOVE bombing will hel p to shed a level of light and understanding with regards to the way in which

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Assistant Accountant at Mefic Capital company Assignment

Assistant Accountant at Mefic Capital company - engagement Examplend Corporate Governance Mechanisms in Saudi Arabia I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In this moot the ceiling social system and the mechanism of incarnate governance in Saudi Arabia would be discussed. The reason behind choosing Saudi Arabia is that I did my internship from MEFIC Capital Saudi Arabia, so it would be an added advantage for me in study the financial environment of the country. Moreover, my major is in Finance, which is why I have chosen to focus and search the superior structure and governance mechanism. Discussion on bodied governance and capital structure has constantly been a challenge for the academic researchers in finance and accounting. 1.2 Research Objective The objective of this research study has been developed keeping in mind the issues to be considered for the study, learning outcomes and stream of study. 1. To identify diverse capital structure in Saudi Arabia and their implications 2 . To identify the kind between diverse capital structure and corporate governance in the firms in Saudi Arabia. 1.3 Research Question What is the consanguinity between the capital structure of firms in Saudi Arabia with the remote and internal corporate governance? II LITERATURE REVIEW In this research paper, the discussion would be related to the capital structure decisions of the firms in Saudi Arabia and its association to the external and internal corporate governance system, which is generally considered to be one of the primary drivers in decisions related to capital structures. Various researches prior to this raise that the capital structure is based on corporate governance decisions. Theories adumbrate that the size of the firm and profitability is nixly related to the debt equity ratio of the firm. These findings are in derivation with the... Various researches prior to this suggest that the capital structure is based on corporate governance decisions. Theories sugg est that the size of the firm and profitability is negatively related to the debt equity ratio of the firm. These findings are in agate line with the agency theory, transaction cost theory or pecking order theory. It was found that the there is a negative relationship between debt equity ratio and market to book ration in case of assets, which too reveals that it is conflicting with the agency theory. On the other hand, in European countries tangibility has a positive relationship with the choice of capital structure and it is consistent with the agency theory. This study aims at discussing and analysing the capital structure with regards to corporate governance in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative analysis would be done to identify the relationship between capital structure and corporate governance, so as to identify an accurate association between these two major aspects in financial environment of Saudi Arabia. For this purpose a multiple obsession analysis would be done for this s tudy. A sample of 5-8 firms in Saudi Arabia in the securities market would be considered to conduct the study.

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Behavioural difficulties with childern (in classroom) Essay

Behavioural difficulties with barbarianern (in classroom) - Essay ExampleIt seems swallow that good fashion is easy to maintain if the school and other teachers in the school establish a consistent approach to misbehaviour (McCormack 2006). I agree with the statement completely and have found that if teachers get together to establish certain ground rules, the overall field of force level of the entire school bottom of the inning be raised significantly. In my own experience I have tried to ensure that the discipline maintained in the class is equal to the level maintained by other top teachers.Of lineage in certain cases discipline issues can means a lot more than simple misbehavior of willfulness. McCarthy (2006) suggests that certain discipline problems could come about if the child appears to be emotionally disturbed. While this may certainly be the case, in my experience I have not come across a property which demands the use of a facility like the Multi Agency Center m entioned in the article. However, it is good to know that such(prenominal) facilities exist and I certainly plan to make use of these if the need arises. I did face a situation where it came to my mind that a child was facing some emotional problems but when I talked to the child in a one on one session, we were able to come to an agreement whereby she promised to improve her behavior and I saw a marked change in her since that.The use of engineering science has also been recommended to respect children occupied and reduce discipline issues (Pendleton 2006). However, in my opinion this takes the focus away from the real issue. While technology is useful, I find that simply talking to the children about discipline issues and explaining how the collective experience for them is reduced in quality through the misbehavior of some children is more effective. This technique is also recommended for the improvement in the arithmetic mean of the entire school (Phillips, 2006).Finally, in certain extreme situations, a teacher may be compel to use restrictive physical means to intervene with pupils

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Harrison Bergeron Essay Example for Free

Harrison Bergeron Es hypothecateAn impartial golf club Utopia or Hell? What would happen to the humankind if the people were literally compeer in invariablyy position of their lives? In the futuristic short story, Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., the solid ground is finally living up to Americas first amendment of all(prenominal) superstar world created equal. In this monastic order, the gifted, strong, and beautiful are required to w pinnule handicaps of earphones, heavy weights, and hideous masks, respectively. Thus, these constraints drop dead the world equal from brains to brawn to beauty. With the world constantly pushing for equality among people, Vonnegut reveals a world that ordering is diligently working toward. Through this foreshadowing of the future, Vonnegut attempts to use Diana laze Glampers and Harrison Bergeron as mechanisms to reveal and warn of the dangers of the devil extremestoo equal or too unjust.Diana slug Glampers, the Handicapper Ge neral, symbolically portrays the idea of fairness in a society. She is the one in charge of lowering the capacity of a bright and intelligent person to the train of a normal and unaware being. In the beginning of the story, the reader is minded(p) a picture of the world that Diana Moon Glampers watches uponThe year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal. They werent only equal before God and the law. They were equal every which itinerary. cipher was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. All this equality was due to theAmendments to the Constitution, and heed of agents of the United States Handicapper General. (Vonnegut 234)Diana Moon Glampers is the one who maintains the idea of checks and balances among the society of 2081. In God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Glampers is visualized as a sixty-year-old virgin who, by almost anybodys standards, was too dumb to live.No one had ever loved her. The re was no reason why anybody should. She was ugly, stupid, and boring (Vit). Diana Moon Glampers is the epitome of every realistic low in the world, and this allows her to hold such a high position in this futuristic society.Since everyone is created equal, her ugliness, stupidity, and boringness all play this major role in earning her such a high position as Handicapper General. She makes sure that no on is better than her, thus making everyone equal in every which way possible. Glampers represents the fairness that society is continually striving for to obtain. In this world, everyone stays at the same train no one is different, no one is jealous or fearful of anyone, and no one is arduous to impress or everyplacetake the next. In this sense, it is actually quite a positive agitate to be exactly equal in every way, or is it?Equality is a great idea that the world should extend and embrace however, absolute equality is another issue in which too much of a good thing may cause presss to go wrong. In a world of absolute equality, from each one human being would never be looked upon as anything more or less than the person beside him or her. Unfortunately, this emolument may only go so far. For example, how can an intelligent being be facen as much credit as the simple minded human beside him? This is the case with Harrison Bergerons parents. Harrisons mother, Hazel, is described as having perfectly average intelligence operation,And while Georgesintelligence was way above normal (Vonnegut 234). In order to stabilize their intelligence to the same level, Harrisons father has to wear a little mental handicap radio in his ear (Vonnegut 234).This societys method in maximizing complete equality is to have the intelligent people wear earphones (which give off horrible sounds) to distract ones trail of thought, which in turn, may unfairly give him the better advantage over the simple mindedsuch as Glampers and Hazel. Diana Moon Glampers symbolizes this worl d by not only being the one to support these customs, but by also shooting ingest and killing the one who is considered the symbol of independence and differenceHarrison Bergeron. Through Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General and the murderer of freedom and individuality, Vonnegut is warning society to not play completely towards being equal in every which way or else society loses its chances to excel ultimo what it has become. He satirically suggests that in order for everyone to be equal, the ones who exceed the mark must be brought down to the standard. As a result, there is a loss of the exceptional talent and beauty. Moreover, just as Diana Moon Glampers represents the fairness of society, Harrison Bergeron symbolizes the individuality in the world.In a society of exuberant equality, Harrison Bergeron is the one who represents uniqueness through his physical and mental characteristics. Harrison is no ordinary being of society. In fact, he is described as a genius, an athlete,and should be regarded as dangerous.Instead of a little ear radio for a mental handicap, he wore a tremendous pair of ear phones, and spectacles with thick wavy lenses.Scrap metal is hung all over him.he wears at all times a red rubber ball for a nose, keeps his eyebrows shaved off, and covers his steady white teeth with black caps at snaggle-tooth random (Vonnegut 236). His physical appearance alone would definitely balance him from the rest of the crowd.Just by walking down the street, one could sense his greatness by his excessive handicaps. Furthermore, his mental capacity is great enough to override the annoying sounds that the H-G men create. The reader can patently see that Harrison has something more to offer, yet his society is binding him down and taking away his individuality Harrisons only crime was taking control of the television studio, but his motives outweighed the crime. He was shot for exposing the world to beauty (Marton). In this sense, Harrison r epresents uniqueness of an individual. He is the one willing to exploit his society and have variation as being a celebration of oneself not a crime, or is this possibly his only motive?Although Harrison symbolizes the individual, hejust as Diana Moon Glampersreveals that too much of a good thing may cause matters to go wrong. Harrison reaches freedom and takes it to the extreme. When he takes over the Television studio, he exclaims, I am the Emperor Everybody must do what I say at once (Vonnegut 237). Harrison completely takes away equality. He creates this caste system with him and his queen at the top, which is hence to be followed by his loyal subjects. His mentality only work outs him to a downfall where he literally tries to bring back anarchy. Moreover, Vonnegut tries to warn todays society of too much inequality. Although differences in brains, beauty, and brawn are a matter that should not be tied down, there needs to be a limit. Vonnegut shows that individuality can be a downfall because humans do tend to become envious and power hungry.He makes this point in the beginning when Hazel and George were discussing the dark ageswith everybody competing against everybody else (Vonnegut 235). People need some type of equality so that one will be able to be an individual and remain just as equal as the next. Vonnegut presents both extremes of equality and inequality and implores society to choose the median. If this median is not met, the world may become a Hell. In one corner, there is the equality that Diana Moon Glampers representsequal in every way possible in the opposing corner, there is the inequality Harrison Bergeron symbolizesone king and his many subjects. Both extremes have highly destructive consequences one takes away individuality, the other takes away equality. As the future draws nearer, the only true Utopia that society should strive for is the type of equality that allows and commemorates individuality. Intelligence get their lives.

Youth and Sports Essay Example for Free

Y go forthh and Sports EssayRaising tikeren in at presents society is not for the faint of heart. Raising children has nalways been easy, but it is especi eithery difficult in spring chicken vaunts straight off. Coaches and pargonnts ar putting a lot of pressing on our young countersigns and daughters. The pressure to succeed in athletic contests at such a young succession is taking the diddle out of the swordplay by making it all more or less winning. A Personal Perspective My own interaction in c grantness sports has been m any As a pargonnt, participant and an observer. My experiences as a child in jejuneness sports were mostly positive.In my early days of sports in school, all children were march ond to merriment for their school, skill direct did not matter. thither were no tryouts and no one got cut. We all were equal no matter what our boilers suit ability. Sports were an enjoyable competition between schools and were simply for gambling. I remember variationing on my elementary schools hoops group. My rail was the school science teacher and my teammates were my friends and classmates. Our makes would be right after school and we would further practice for one hour. I remember the practices as an ex runed gym class.We would unspoiled run around, laugh, eat fun and learn a few plays. I do not ever recall a coach vociferationing at me when I made a mistake or made a unstable play. I remember the coach say, thats ok, shake it off, youll get it next quantify. I never in a bad way(p) nigh being pulled from a coarse-grained if I made a mistake. We all played our reasonably share. We played the game as a game, with an opportunity to learn skills, compete, increase confidence, and consume fun, we were able to go with the flow, relax and play for the sake of playing. Even our parents back hence would equitable sit and enjoy the game. They didnt yell at us to run faster or play harder.They didnt even yell at the referee for making a bad call. I remember my parents telling me before every game, Have fun and do the best you can and after the game no matter how I played they would say, You played a bang-up game. They everlastingly asked me if I had a fun time playing. I always did. I didnt remember the losses. I remember playing with my friends and laughing about how bad we played some days. It seems standardized in spring chicken sports today, the emphasis is no longer on developing skills through competition, with others and with yourself, but on the win-loss record, points scored, etc.Youth sports are run by adults. Adults tend to focus on the wins. When an adult arrives at end of the game, as the kids come off the field or court, what are the first words out of their mouth? Its usually Who won? or Did you score any points, get any hits, etc.? The children, meanwhile, are talking about whose mom brings the biggest candy bars for snacks If, we as adults, teach our kids to focus on the winning , scoring, and scholarships, rather than skill improvement and having fun than mistakes or losses are not seen as opportunities to learn, but as occasions of failure and are to be avoided at all cost.If children think all in terms of winning, the pressure is on. Over the social classs I look at seen how the youth weapons platforms are turning. Burned-out teenage athletes, coach-parent conflicts and abusive parents are indicators of a deep and continuing line of work in youth sports. Youth sports programs have become the focal point of many families. The increase interest in sports over the past two decades have promoted the increased promotion of these programs, as well up as create interest on the part of parents to encourage participation by their children.It is disturbing to look behind the frontal and to realize that children alive(p) in organized sports are often pressured they feel the pressure to fit in they worry that they will only fit in if they are athletically t alented they feel the pressure that they bring to win, to please their parents and coaches. Children develop their sense of attractive play and their perceptions of ethical behavior in part within the context of these programs.These programs can also make a significant impact on the ripening of a childs self- perception, self-esteem and emotional health. If the messages displayed by adults in reference to the sporting events have a decidedly blackball tone, the impact of youth sports programs on the emotional development of children will not have positive outcomes. There are a number of factors that can impact the influences of organized youth sports programs on the participants, and studies have shown that the results of the skillful picture of youth sports is not always a positive one.Some of the influencing factors include the participation of parents in youth sports programs, the suggestion by coaches, parents and observers that winning is more important than the game itse lf, and the nature of sports, that lends itself to competitive and combative behavior. It is difficult to develop a concrete perspective about the impacts of youth sports programs without considering these influences. A Childs Perspective some children simply want to participate in sports programs to have fun, have a volunteer(a) activity and work together with friends towards a common goal (Kohl and Nelson, 1990).It has been seed that competition can surrogate mistrust between children, when winning serves to dismiss losers, creates envy of the winners and leads children away from the focus of the game (Kohn and Nelson, 1990). It is also muster out that the pressure that parents place on their children to compete and win creates its own set of inherent mental dilemmas. gouge to play on an elite team is an issue that should really boil down to what your child wants. A parent needs to read the signs indicating that a child wants to be on an elite team.If a child needs push to get ready and go to practice, the child who consistently does not want to go may not be suited for an elite team. Sometimes, the kids who complain about doing things outside their comfort geographical zone just need a little push to discover they enjoy whatever it is they are so adamantly opposed to doing. But, after a season of being on an elite team, it should be unornamented whether or not the child wants to continue with the sport at a higher direct. I always make it clear to my son that he can play whatever sport he wants and at whatever level he wants.In his fifth year of hockey, he decided that he didnt want to continue to play travel hockey despite his obvious skill level and the prodding of several teams trying to convince him that he needed to continue or he would fall behind. We laughed about the coaches who had told him this. I asked, fall behind in what? I had never been a parent who thought my son was going to be a professional hockey player. My goal was to invo lve him in sports that he enjoys and that would allow him to grow and experience the life lessons that sports can teach.At that point he issued hockey, but just didnt want to have it take up so much of his social time. The following year the travel hockey flame was rekindled and he was more enthusiastic than he had ever been about playing. He still loves the game, and despite the fact I really believed he may be able to play at a collegiate level if he really wants to put in the work, he plays for fun and most likely will play for the rest of his life. The bottom line is, a family should not be pressured into anything, especially when it comes to their children.Ultimately, our children should have the biggest say in what they want to be involved in and at what level. Children who have been pressured by their parents in youth sports activities often display increased adds of anxiety along with an increased level of awareness about the importance of the game (Weider, 1993). In other words, one child may be able to encompass the game as simply a game, but another child, under increased pressure from his parents, may only be able to relate to the game in terms of the amount of pressure created.This deflection in perceptions puts children against each other the children most likely to succeed and win the game are those who are least prepared to deal with any other option. It creates a scary mankind for those children who perceive that they are unbeatable, but also are beaten by another team. When childrens self perceptions are directly related to their ability to win, there is clearly evidence that their inabilities so feed their lowered self-perceptions (Kantrowitz, 1996).A Coachs Perspective and Its Unintended Effects Coaches are also putting negative pressure on our young athletes and not even realizing it through their approach and attitude towards kids. A coachs words may carry a different message to the child hearing them than to the coach who is saying them. It is easy for a coach to phrase things in ways that are a lot harsher then they intend.hither are a couple of phrases that tend to have a negative impact on a child whats wrong with you today? Why cant you play like your brother? How long have you been playing this sport? Did your dad teach you that? and the list goes on and on. Here is an showcase of how a coach making a comment to a young athlete has a negative impact. My nephew was in his first year of football. He was nine years old and small for his age. They only had a few games left. But at practice one night the coach grabbed my nephews face affect and said is that the best you can do? What had happened was he had missed a tackle.My nephew interpreted that saying as, youre too small, bigger kids would have made that tackle. What the coach should have said was, you need to move quick to have an impact during the play. A Parents Perspective and Its Unintended Results How does a parent bed when theyre over-doin g it from the sidelines? One thing that has helped a lot of parents and coaches supporting athletes is an understanding of their roles. In fact theres a push by several national organizations to know your role. Youre an athlete, coach, official, or a fan pick one then support and respect the others. (Koehler, Your Kids Sports). There are some theorists who even believe that these youth sports programs that focus on winning or losing are dangerous (Leo, 1993).Children of parents who push them in sporting events often feel they cannot ever lose because of their parents expectations. This process of parental control and the childs self-perception can lead to humiliation and despair (Leo, 1993).? Here is an example of parental pressure on a young athlete to win. At one of my sons youth hockey games I observed a beget berating his son after a game. The male child had had a breakaway shot with only a few seconds left in a hockey game. The young athlete skated up to the net and fired a rocket of a shot.It was a really hard shot, and it barely missed the net. Needless to say the game was over and it ended in a tie. The father ran down to the ice and waited for his son to skate off to the storage locker room. As the boy came off the ice the father pulled him aside and started yelling at him in front of the other players and parents. The father continued to tell the boy how lousy of a player he was and that anyone else on the team would have made the shot. This went on for about three minutes, until the boy trying to hold back his tears slumbered into the locker room.This is a perfect example of the parent putting the pressure on his son to be relegate than he is capable of being and winning is everything. A Societys Perspective Most of the up-to-date literature on children and sports develops around the theory that children are negatively impacted by the competitive nature of sports programs in conjunction with the influence of observers, coaches and parents. Li ttle League, in particular, has been the focus of a number of studies into the impact of the program on the social and emotional development of the children involved.Though Little League has been touted as a sport focused on fun for children, the competition pushed on children by the parents expectations turns potentially kempt fun into competitive battles pitting friend against friend (Verdi, 1990). Though the basic premise of youth sports is to encourage the enjoyment of sports activities, the focus on winning has reshaped the program (Rosen, 1996). Team sports can also be a great experience. Kids get to improve their skills and feel that team spirit as they work together toward a common goal.If youve had a bad experience with a team, maybe its time to try a impudently sport or a new league. Some leagues and programs emphasize skill building over competition. Many of the programs developed encourage healthy levels of competitive and cooperative behavior, help children develop a sense of fair play, and help children find self-esteem by rewarding physical activities. Programs like Little League have been recognized as a stepping-stone in the development of major baseball players, as well as presidents and successful business people.The competitive nature of sports does not necessarily mean that children will develop creaky asocial competitive behaviors. Over the past 30 years, a basic outline of the rules of sports competition, even as they refer to youth sports programs, has been widely accepted by coaches, parents and sports supporters in general. These rules include basic precepts like team matters more than the individual achievement comes from preparation, not fun control calm under pressure, and perseverance are the necessary to win the game criticism is more valuable than praise (Rosen, 1996).With guidelines like these as the basic principle for youth sports, it is no wonder that parents and players have learned that the game is more significant tha n the process or lessons learned while playing. ? Many people believe that one of the most valuable lessons developed from youth sports is the development of a conceptualization of fair play, in a way that young children can perceive and apply. Though the basic definition of fair play suggests justice applied to interpersonal actions, it takes on a slightly different and more specific outline when considered in terms of youth sports programs (Covrig, 1996).Fair play has been described as a very lofty set of virtues, including things like truthfulness, self-respect, consideration for others, self-control, courage, courtesy, as well as fairness (Covrig, 1996). With these virtues as the basis, one would be led to believe that any child participating in a youth program that claims a focus on fair play could do nothing but benefit from these programs. But one of the major discrepancies in youth sports exists in the difference between the message and the messenger.Though fair play is a ma jor focus of the premise for youth sports, the individual who create, develop and coach these programs do not often embrace these virtues in practice (Covrig, 1996).? In the same respect, parents who hope to develop a sense of fair play in their children by promote their participation in sports frequently display behaviors that do not reflect the same virtues. The major problem with this situation is that parents often impose the expectations relative to adult competitive sports on their children, who have not until now learned to embrace the American idealization of winning (Martin, 1986).This transference of parental expectations onto their children can result in a number of damaging psychological problems, including burnout, injury, and feelings of rejections, causing lowered self- esteem, when children cannot meet the expectations of their parents (Martin, 1986). With over a million children participating in a wide variety of programs, the success of youth athletics cannot be attributed only to the enthusiasm of parents. Children, too, must perceive benefits of the programs in order for retention levels to be as high as they are (Rumpf 1992).Children, who can compete fairly, congratulate the winners with sincerity and accept victory with grace benefit from the building and the healthy competition created within these programs (Rumpf, 1992). The most significant problems occur not because of the structure of the games, the programs developed or the basic ideals behind youth sports programs. Instead, it is clear that the disastrous effects of youth sports programs come as a result of the interaction between children, parents and coaches (Rumpf, 1992).The literature studies supports the thesis that youth sports programs can negatively impact the development of children in respect to self-esteem, self-perceptions and emotional health, though it is also clear that the impact has a direct affinity to adult interactions. Though the programs developed often s upport fair play and healthy competitiveness, the expectations of parents, coaches and spectators often transmute seemingly friendly games into competitive battles with little respect for teammates and other players.Children who can succeed within these programs do so with the help of coaches and parents who do not impose difficult, if not impossible expectations on their childrens participation. Examining Our Perspectives Yet at what price does success come? taboo of 19,000 young athletes, about 356 children will get a scholarship. Out of all those kids, only four will go pro. (Koehler, Your Kids Sports).We just love it. Its our social life. We just love sports. And whats not to love, after all, more youth leagues are catering to the elite athlete, where winning and rankings are height priority and championships and scholarships are all the talk. I understand wanting your child to do well. College is expensive and it index seem like a full tuition sports scholarship is the way to go. However, there is a psychological price that the young athlete may pay. In order to realize the most benefits from these programs, parents must recognize the impact of their personal expectations on their childrens emotional stability.There is way too much pressure today on children. I think most parents who involve their children in several activities have forgotten how great it was to sit outside during a summer day and read a book or just daydream. Someday when these children are adults, they are not going to know how to use their imaginations, occupy themselves in a constructive manner, or just how to have fun. Are we teaching our children at a young age how to have a nervous breakdown? What happened to just playing a sport for fun?I remember when I was a kid, after school or during the summer. I would just walk out the back door, grab a baseball bat or a hockey stick and I headed out to the street or to the neighborhood park to find my brothers or other kids from the ne ighborhood to play with. We played for hours with no uniforms, no refs, no parents on the sidelines. Sure, I wanted to win. We all did. But if we didnt it wasnt the end of the world. The pressure to succeed in sports today is taking the fun out of the sport by making it all about winning.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Penn State Scandal Essay Example for Free

Penn enunciate Scandal EssayIn this paper I will discuss what the ethical issue is, (and) definitions surrounding the allegations of sexual abuse, by the former Defensive Coordinator, Jerry Sandusky, who had the ripeeous and ethical responsibility to report the incident to the proper authorities, and whether the incident was reported in a well timed(p) manner. The origin, values, ethics, honesty, and where a person grew up play an important part of an individuals character. The definition of right and wrong varies from person to person. While I was growing up I believed that criminal justice meant an mall for an eye. As some people grow older his or her definition changed to, if an individual commits a crime, he or she should be held accountable for his or her actions. However the punishment should fit the crime and be life-threatening enough so the individual will learn from his or her mistake.A Pennsylvania (Penn) state assistant, mike McQueary, claims to have witnessed Jerry Sandusky raping a ten-year-old boy in the shower (The New York Times, 2012). Sandusky (former Defensive Coordinator) was a wellrespected member of the Penn State community and good friend to Joe Paterno (former Head Coach). McQueary reported the crime immediately to Paterno. In response to the allegation, both(prenominal) McQueary, and Paterno reported the rape to Administrators Tim Curley (former Athletic Director) and Gary Schultz (former Vice President of Business and Finance) (The New York Times, 2012).The issue is at no time was the crime reported to police authorities. The allegation was simply brushed underneath the rug by several individuals. A crime of this magnitude should be have been reported to the proper authorities followed with reasoned actions. If this happens at such a prestegeous college, then whats happening in others? I am rattling concerned that this may be happening somewhere else right now. I shouldnt have to annoy this, this shouldnt be happening p eriod.Works CitedJoe Paterno. News. The New York Times, 09 Oct. 2012. Web.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

The Donation of Constantine Essay Example for Free

The gratuity of Constantine EssayThe contribution of Constantine has been considered a forgery, especially since 1440 A. D. by Lorenzo Valla in his Declamatio So all these are yours, autocratic pontiff? And it is your purpose to rec everywhere them all? To despoil all kings and princes of the West of their cities or compel them to knuckle under you a yearly tribute, is that your plan? (Valla, 27) The Donation is a very controversial document that became an instrument utilize by the Papacy to officially justify its policy-making power and control. This fraudulent document has been thought to construct been written 5 centuries later, between 750 and 800 A. D.The basis of the document itself was the transfer of power from Constantine to pope Sylvester when Constantine converted to Christianity by baptism in 324 A. D. So the pontiffs, who are the representatives of that same chief of the apostles, should obtain from us and our empire the power of a supremacy greater than the earthly clemency of our imperial serenity is seen to have had conceded to it, ()And we ordain and decree that he shall have the supremacy as well over the four chief seats Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Jerusalem, as to a fault over all the churches of God in the -whole world.And he who for the time being shall be pontiff of that sanctified Roman church shall be more exalted than, and chief over, all the priests of the whole world (Donatio Constantini) The reality, however, was that Constantine had been baptised later in 337 A. D. , by the Bishop of capital of Italy. The donation in question consisted in surrendering the imperial insignia, the Lateran Palace, and the Roman and Italian territories. Besides, capital of Italy was the capital of the great Roman Empire and the seat of the Apostles. So, the idea was that these Bishops of Rome, the representatives of Christ, should inherit Rome and its seat.In the beginning, the Bishop of Rome at the time of Constantine was not a very powerful public figure. Nevertheless, he benefited from his concentration with Constantine who had been in Rome to quietly and gradually assert authority as the head of the Emperors religion. (Williams, 522) The rise of the predominance of the Bishops of Rome owning Rome and Christianity was subsequently supported by different swayers resembling Theodosius the immense who instituted a law that stated that any nation seeking the protection of the Pope in Rome would have to become a Christian nation.(Williams, 523) Unfortunately, numerous upheavals in power in the territories surrounding Rome became evident when pagan nations moved into Britain Arian Kings moved into the remaining West part the Lombards established their domination adjoining door to Rome. They were not the only threat to the authority of the Pope of Rome. At the same time, the emperor of Constantinople had been an antagonist of the Pope the emperor had even tried to assassinate him.(Williams, 524) The on ly way for the Pope (Stephen II or III) to secure his power was to enlist the help of a powerful ruler with whom he could forge an bail bond. This ruler was the Frankish king Pepin III, nicknamed Le Bref, French for the Short. Pepin the Short became an ally against the Lombards who were dangerously threatening to take over all the Italian territory. In order to get the help from the Frankish king, Stephen traveled through the the Alps all the way to Gaul where he anointed Pepin as well as his two sons Carloman and Charlemagne.Subsequently, Pepin and his two sons battled the Lombards, pose them, and took over their territory, formerly a Byzantine territory. In order to fulfill their alliance, Pepin gave this territory to Stephen in the Donation of Pepin, freeing Rome from Byzantine control. This conferred authority over these territories was the beginning of the papal states, dramatically increasing the political influence and religious power of the papacy. The papal power was con firmed and supported by Charlemagne. In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans and sequestered.Charlemagne came to his aid and Leo crowned him emperor on declination 25, 800 A. D. Charlemagne became the renewer of the westbound Roman Empire and kept up his fathers relations with the Pope while becoming his protector. Charlemagne was a ruler always at war for most of his reign and conquered many lands like Saxonia, forcing the pagan population to embrace Roman Catholicism. (Ganhof, 220) (Becher, 19-81) Conclusion The ascension of Charlemagne to the throne originated from his fathers alliance with the papacy. Around 750 A. D., the Donation of Constantine falsely validated the Popes authority on Rome and the Italian territory. This authority was confirmed and supported by Charlemagne whose loyalty to the Pope earned him the imperial seat of the Western Roman Empire. He was crowned in 800 A. D. by Pope Leo III. Works Cited Valla L. Discourse on the Forgery of the Alleged Donation of Constantine. Trans. by Christopher B. Coleman. Scanned Proofread by Jonathan Perry. New harbour Yale University Press 1922. Hanover diachronic Texts Project. 2001. Donatio Constantini.750-800AD. The Medieval Sourcebook. The Fordham University of Medieval Studies. July 22, 2006 December 3, 2006. Williams SH. The Historians History of the World A Comprehensive record of the Rise and Development of the Roman Empire. History Association Publication, 1904. Ganshof, F. L. The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy Studies in Carolingian History, trans. Janet Sondheimer, Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press, 1971. Becher, M. Charlemagne, trans. David S. Bachrach, New Haven Yale University Press, 2003.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Sociology Research Essay Example for Free

Sociology look EssaySexism is everywherely known as grammatical sexual practice discriminationorsex discrimination, is defined as prejudice or discrimination based on sex or air, conditions, or attitudes that foster embosss of genial roles based on sex. Sexism is a form of discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex, with such(prenominal) attitudes being based on beliefs in traditional stereotypes of gender roles.The preconditionsexismis most often utilize in relation to discrimination against wo hands, in the context of patriarchy. Sexism involves hatred of or prejudice towards a gender as a whole or the application of gender stereotypes. Sexism is often associated with gender-supremacy argu ments. sexuality stereotypes A 1952 powder magazine feature stereotyping women drivers. Gender stereotypes be widely held beliefs ab tabu the characteristics and behavior of women and men. Gender stereotypes be non except descriptive, alone also normative beliefs about how men and women should be and be squander.Members of every sex who deviate from prescriptive gender stereotypes argon punished assertive women, for example, atomic number 18 called bitches whereas men who lack animal(prenominal) strength are seen as wimps. Empirical studies pretend gear up widely shared pagan beliefs that men are more(prenominal)(prenominal) socially valued and more competent than women at most things, as swell as ad hoc assumptions that men are bust at some particular tasks (e. g. , mechanical tasks) while women are go at opposites (e. g. , nurturing tasks).For example,Fiskeand colleagues surveyed nine diverse samples, from different regions of the United States, and put that members of these samples, regardless of age, consistently rated the category men higher than the category women on a multidimensional scale of competence. Gender stereotypes can facilitate and pull off a blank intellectual performance. For instance,stereotype threatcan lower womens performance on mathematicsematics tests due to the stereotype that women have inferior quantitative skills compared with men. Stereotypes can also affect the assessments people make of their own competence.Studies found that specific stereotypes (e. g. , women have lower mathematical ability) affect womens and mens perceptions of their abilities (e. g. , in math and science) such that men assess their own task ability higher than women performing at the similar level. These biased self-assessments have far-reaching effects because they can shape men and womens educational and flight decisions. Gender stereotypes are sometimes applied at an early age. Various interventions were reviewed including the use of fiction in challenge gender stereotypes. For example, in a study by A.Wing, children were readBills New FrockbyAnne Fine. The kernel of the book was discussed with them. Children were able to articulate, and reflect on, their stereotypical constructions of gender and those in the world at large. There was try of children considering the different treatment that boys and girls receive, and of classroom discussion enabling stereotypes to be challenged. Sexist and gender-neutral language Research has found that the use ofheas a generic pronoun evokes a disproportionate number of virile images and excludes patterns of women in non gender-specific instances.Results also suggest that while the pluraltheyfunctions as a generic pronoun for both priapics and pistillates, males whitethorn embracehe/shein a bearing similar tohe, asheusually is placed in the lead the dash andshe later. This is usually d matchless because the wordshealready contains the wordheso it is positioned after the dash. It also has nothing to do with stereotypical gender roles. Nearing the end of the 20th century, there is a rise in gender-neutral language in western worlds, which is often attributed to the rise offeminism.Gender-neutral languageis the avoidance ofgender- specific job titles, non parallel usage, and other usage that is considered by some to be sexist. Supporters claim that having genderspecific titles and genderspecific pronouns either implies a systemic bias to exclude individuals based on their gender or else as unnecessary in most cases as race-specific pronouns, religion-specific pronouns, or persons-height-specific pronouns. many of those who support gender-specific pronouns assert that promoting gender-neutral language is a kindly of semantics injection itself. Anthropological linguistics and gender-specific languageUnlike theIndo-European languagesin the west, for many otherlanguages close to the world,gender-specific pronounsare a recent phenomenon that occurred around the early 20th century. As a result ofcolonialism, cultural revolution occurred in many parts of the world with attempts to modernize and westernize by adding gender-specific pronouns and animate-inanimate pronouns to local languages. This resulted in the s ituation of what wasgender-neutral pronounsa century ago suddenly becoming genderspecific. (See for exampleGender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender Turkish. )Gender-specific pejorative terms Genderspecific pejorative terms intimidate or deadening another person because of their gender. Sexism can be expressed in a pseudosubtle manner through and through the attachment of terms which have blackball gender oriented implicationssuch as throughcondescension. Many examples include swear talking to. A mildly vulgar example is the uninformative attribution of the term hag for a woman or fairy for a man. Although hag and fairy both have non-sexist interpretations, when they are used in the context of a genderspecific pejorative term these words become representations of sexist attitudes.The relationship between rape and misogyny Research into the situationors which motivate perpetrators ofrapeagainst a specific gender, for example, women, frequently reveals patterns of hatred of said gender and pleasure in inflicting psychological and/or physical trauma, rather than sexual interest. Researchers have argued that rape is not the result of pathological individuals, but rather systems of male dominance, cultural practices and beliefs that objectify and degrade women. Mary Odem, Jody Clay-Warner and Susan Brownwiller consider sexist attitudes to be propagated by a serial publication of myths about rape and rapists.They state that contrary to those myths, rapists often plan a rape before they subscribe a victim and that acquaintance rapeis the most common form of rape rather than round by a stranger. Odem also states that these rape myths propagate sexist attitudes about men by perpetuating the thought that men cannot control their sexuality. In response toacquaintance rape, the Men Can Stop Rape endeavor has been implemented. The US military has started a similar movement with the tagline My strength is for defending. Occupational sexismOccupational sexism refers to any antiblackpractices, statements, actions, etc. based on a personssexthat are present or occur in a place of job. One form of occupational sexism iswage discrimination. In 2008, theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and increase(OECD) found that while female person employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage breakings have narrowed virtually everywhere, on average, women still have 20% less of a chance to have a job and are paid 17% less than men.Moreover, the report verbalise In many countries, labor marketdiscrimination i. e. the unequal treatment of equally productive individuals only because they cash in ones chips to a specific group is still a crucial factor inflating disparities in employment and the tone of job opportunities Evidence presented in this edition of theEmployment Outlooksuggests that about 8% of the variation in gender employment gaps and 30% of the variation in gender wage gaps crossways OECD c ountries can be explained by prejudiced practices in the labour market. The report also found that despite the fact that close all OECD countries, including the U. S. have established anti-discrimination laws, these laws are difficult to enforce. Gender stereotypes Gender roles(or sex roles) are attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. A culture that defines males as ambitious and competitive encourages them to seek out positions of leadership and play team sports. To the extent that females are defined as deferential and emotional, they are evaluate to be supportive helpers and quick to show their feelings.According to theOECD, womens labor market behavior is influenced by intimate cultural and social values that may be thought to discriminate against women (and sometimes against men) by stereotyping certain(prenominal) work and life styles as male or female. Further, the OECD argues that womens educational choices may be dictated, at to the lowest degree i n part, by their expectations that certain types of employment opportunities are not available to them, as well as by gender stereotypes that are prevalent in society. There is a long record of women being excluded from alliance in many professions. Often, women have gained entry into a previously male profession only to be faced with additional obstacles. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive an M. D. in theUnited StatesandMyra Bradwell, the first female lawyer in the state ofIllinois, illustrate the prevalence of women being excluded from certain professions and the changing culture. Professional discrimination continues directly according to studies done byCornell Universityand others.Some have hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This speculation coincides with a test conducted at theUniversity of Torontoled by Amber Budden. The study showed that, in the journal behavioral Ecology, after implementation of doubl e-blind review in which both the author and reviewer identity is concealed, there was an increase of 7. 9% in the number of papers authored by women. This was more than three times the increase of female ecology graduate students in the United States.In addition, women frequently earn significantly lower tolerate than their male counterparts who perform the same job. In the U. S. , for example, women earn an average of 23. 5% less than men. In 1833, women functional in factories acquire only one-quarter of mens wages, and in 2007, womens median annual take overchecks reflected only $0. 78 for every $1. 00 clear by men. A study showed women comprised 87% of workers in the child care industry and 86% of the wellness aide industry. Some experts believe that parents play an important role in the creation of values and perceptions of their children.The fact that many girls are asked to help their mothers do housework, while many boys do technical tasks with their fathers, seems to influence their behavior and can sometimes discourage girls from performing such tasks. Girls will then think that each gender should have a specific role and behavior. A 2009 study found that being overweight harms womens career advancement but presents no barrier for men. Overweightorobesewomen were significantly under-represented among company bosses, whereas a significant proportion of male executives were overweight or obese.The author of the study stated that the results suggest that the applesauce ceiling effect on womens advancement may reflect not only general negative stereotypes about the competencies of women, but also weight bias that results in the application of stricter appearance standards to women. Overweight women are evaluated more negatively than overweight men. There is a tendency to put up women to harsher weight standards. At other times, there are accusations that some traditionally female professions have been or are being eliminated by its roles being su bsumed by a male dominated profession.The assumption of baby delivery roles by doctors with the consequent decline ofmidwiferyis sometimes claimed to be an example. Wage gap pic Euro statfound a persisting gender put up gap of 17. 5% on average in the 27EU Member Statesin 2008. Similarly, the OECDfound that female full-time employees earned 17% less than their male counterparts across OECD countries in 2009. In the U. S. , the female-to-male earnings ratio was 0. 77 in 2009, meaning that, in 2009, female full-time, year round (FTYR) workers earned 77% as much as male FYTR workers.Womens earnings relative to mens fell from 1960 to 1980 (from 60. 7 portion to 60. 2%) and then rose rapidly from 1980 to 1990 (from 60. 2% to 71. 6%), and less rapidly from 1990 to 2000 (from 71. 6% to 73. 7%) and from 2000 to 2009 (from 73. 7% to 77. 0%). At the time when the firstEqual Pay Actwas passed in 1963, female full-time workers earned 58. 9% as much as male full-time workers. The gender pay g ap has been attributed to differences in personal and workplace characteristics between women and men (education, hours worked, occupation etc. as well as direct and indirect discrimination in the labor market (gender stereotypes, customer and employer bias, etc. ).Studies forever find that some portion of the gender pay gap remains unexplained even after controlling factors that are assumed to influence earnings. The unexplained portion of the wage gap is attributed to gender discrimination. The estimates for the discriminatory component of the gender pay gap vary widely. The OECD estimated that approximately 30% of the gender pay gaps across OECD countries is due to discrimination.Australian research shows that discrimination accounts for approximately 60% of the wage differentials between women and men. Studies examining the gender pay gap in the United Statesshow that large parts of the wage differential remain unexplained even after controlling for factors that affect pay. One study examined college graduates and found that the portion of the pay gap that remains unexplained after all other factors are taken into account is 5% one year after graduating college and 12% 10 years after graduation.Research done atCornell Universityand elsewhere indicates that mothers are less likely to get hired than equally qualified fathers and, if hired, would be paid a lower salary than male applicants with children. TheOECDfound that a significant impact of children on womens pay is generally found in the United Kingdom and the United States. Fathers, on the other hand, earn$7,500 more on average that than men without children. Glass ceiling The term glass ceiling is used to advert a perceived barrier to advancement based on discrimination, particularly gender discrimination.In donnish achievement, great improvements have been made. However, as of 1995 in the United States, women received about half of all get the hang degrees, but 95 to 97% of the senior managers of Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 companies were male and in the Fortune 2000 Industrial and service companies, only 5% of senior managers were women. TheUnited Nationsasserts progress in bringing women into leadership and decision making positions around the world remains far too slow. Objectification Some argue thatsexual objectificationis a form of sexism.Some countries, such asNorwayandDenmark, have laws against sexual objectification in advertising. Nudity itself is not banned, and nude people can be used to advertise a product, but only if they are relevant to what is being advertised. Sol Olving, head of Norways Kreativt Forum, an association of the countrys top advertising agencies, explained, You could have a naked person advertising shower gel or a cream, but not a woman in a bikini draped across a car. Sexism in the workplace Sexism in education is clearly associated with sexism in the workplace.When women are expected to stay in the home, they are otiose to acce ss the necessary educational resources to compete with men in the job market. If by chance they are able to secure a position, women may be less prepared educationally for the task, and thus draw lower wages. In recent decades more women have entered the United States workforce. After WWII (from about 1947), about 30 percent of women were employed outside the home today, at the start of the 21st century, the figure is well over 50 percent. (Some estimates approach 75 percent if part-time jobs are included. Yet women are far from hard-boiled equally on the job. Typically, they hold lower-paying, lower-status jobs than men. In fact, women may account for only 25 percent of the high-altitude managers in large corporations. And although half of the employees in the largest, most prestigious firms around the United States may be women, perhaps as few as 5 percent or less actually hold senior positions. In general, women are under-represented in the higher-status, higher-paying occupati ons, such as university teaching, law, engineering, and medicine.In contrast, women are over-represented in the lower-paying occupations, such as public-school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. In stereotypical female jobs, referred to aswomens ghettos, women are subordinate to the positions of men. For example, executives supervise secretaries who are likely to be women, and lawyers supervise paralegals, who are also likely to be women. Women in the same jobs as men usually earn less, even though these women may have the same or better training, education, and skills.As a general statistic, women make only 60 percent or less than men in comparable positions. Why this disparity? Sociologists speculate that, in some cases, the fact that women often moldiness take time off to have and raise children interrupts their career path. As much as Americans may hate to admit it, women in the United States still bear the primary responsibilities of child-rearing. Conflicting demands may partially explain why married women with children are more likely to leave their jobs than are childless and star women.

Thursday, April 11, 2019

The Role of Men in the Society Essay Example for Free

The determination of military manspower in the Society EssayIntroduction workforce were positionly cognize as the supreme gender in the human society. As the population belonging to the supreme gender, litigateforce ar expected to have special responsibilities as well as advantages with regards the activities that they ar adequate to(p) to do. Men were expected to have responsibilities of providing for those that belong to them. This includes their families and some other people that are living around them. On the other hand, they benefit form the authority that is given to them. The power to control others, particularly wo custody has naturally given them self-esteem when it comes to the thought of being equal to(p) to rule over several sectors of the human society. Through the pages of the human write up, men of different races and different ages have primarily been able to change the ways by which humans recognize their purpose in living. Indeed, men have naturally drawn the different demarcation lines of limitations and possibilities that identify severally human individuals capability of living. Most likely, the powerful sense of being of the appearance of man has naturally affected the characteristic and the attitude that he perceives upon others. Within the paragraphs that follow, the different berths of men within the American society shall be outlined in clarity to be able to assist in the apprehension of what actually is the important part that men plays in the advancement of the human civilization towards relegate.Men as Key Agents of Family Strength The family is one of the basic units of social relationship within the human generations. It could be spy that men are appointed as head of the family. As head of the family, a man has the responsibility of providing the guidance that the members of the family need to be able to get through with the challenges of life. Aside from this, men also plinth as the basic source o f spiritual and intellectual aspects of life when it comes to taking care of the younger generations of the family. non to mention, men are also viewed as the major providers of the needs of the family in name of finances, shelter, food and clothing. From this special(prenominal) point of view, it could be observed that men are indeed given high regards by the human society especially in terms of the situation that they play in the family. At some point, they work as complimentary personnel to the fulfillment of the dream of their wives and their children. They are the primary source of strength for their family members and from them comes the more or less valuable advices of life that would naturally help the members of the family get along with the ups and downs of living in a more eased and controlled procedure. Certainly, men are given the chance to handle the most complicated responsibilities within the family arrangements. The challenges are really not that easy to face. However, with the strong conviction and determination of men to succeed in this particular responsibility shall give them the reputation that they need to be able to earn for themselves the respect that they are due. Their credit of themselves and as the major source of guidance for others shall help them understand the truth that they are made and are appointed to perform received complicated yet important roles in the human society.Men as Agents of Social Progress The mental ability of men in becoming strongly convicted in some(prenominal) they believe in particularly sets the line by which they are able to continuously proceed in attaining what they want to attain. This is primarily the reason why there are larger number of men who were able to produce worthwhile inventions that are now of good use in the society.The different technological innovations that were chased through the history of the human civilization have been particularly assisted by men who were bodacious en ough to risk their time and efforts, as well as their finances in creating something new and innovational for the sake of social progress. Men have also assisted women in realizing their potentials in creating change in the human society. The motivation that they imply upon those who are living around them is indeed infectious and results to more procreative aspects of human living. Truly, men have been a source of inspiration and the main idea of social progress within the human community. This has resulted to a more positive response to the male gender of the population. However, meeting the roles that the men play in the society is not that easy to take and face especially when there are different challenges to the said roles. Particularly, the challenges make it harder for them to attain the best possible results from the acts that and decisions that they make everyday.Liberalization of Women and the Role of Men as Social Equalizers Sadly, not all men are able to meet the chal lenges of their roles. Instead, when they fail, they are implying a good deal chaos within the human relationship and the ways by which women and children view life as a whole. The impact that they make in the lives of the said sector of the human population indeed makes a big(p) difference on how they particularly deal with the challenges that they themselves deal with everyday. As a result, there came the different movements that were realised by women to help men remember their roles in the society. The liberalization of women has actually created difference in the role that men particularly play within the progress of the human civilization. As for now, women are already able to take the place of men in terms of authority over people within certain human organizations, and they are also capable of taking care of their family members alone as individual parents especially when men fail to do their responsibilities to the family. Hence, the changes in the role of men certainly are heightened in terms of power and the stiffness of the decisions that they make in creating possibilities to motivate others as they are expected. Most likely, the pressure on men who are aiming to reach the best possible ways of attaining and completing their roles in the society is heightened as well.Conclusion Men are indeed an epitome of humans who are able to stick to whatever they decide upon. They are known to have a strong conviction when they totally believe on a certain idea. These characteristics of men have led them to becoming the primary foundations of human developments through the history of humankind. Their determination to make a change certainly helped them in assisting the entire human community in aiming for further progress in living. However, because of the pressures given upon them, their capabilities of meeting their roles have been challenged particularly because of their own shortcomings. As a result the liberalization of women has naturally challenged the ways by which men try to achieve the roles that they are sibylline to meet for the sake of social equality. This particularly means that the gender differences have been set in a more distanced situation, whereas the men are being strongly questioned with the way they complete their responsibilities to the human community.ReferencesEnhancing Mens Roles and Responsibilities in Family Life. Empowering Women. (2001). http//www.unfpa.org/intercenter/role4men/. (May 29, 2007).The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality. Written Statement Prepared for the United Nations Commission on the locating of Women at its 48th Session Item 3a of the Provisional Agenda. (2004). http//statements.bahai.org/04-0312.htm/. (May 29, 2007).Impact Lab. The Confusing Role of Men. (2001). http//www.impactlab.com/modules.php?name=Newsfile=articlesid=5760. (May 29, 2007).The Role of Men and Boys in Achieving Gender Equality. R. W. Connell. http//www.ashanet.org/focusgroups/sanctuary/articles/Conn ell-bp.pdf. (May 29, 2007).

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

The importance of early formal education Essay Example for Free

The splendour of former(a) formal education EssayAbstract Informed by, and primarily root in research, nurtureally hold practice is central to optimizing babyrens culture and increase in premature tiddlerhood educational settings recognition Nat09 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). The use of educationally appropriate practice (DAP) involves teaching in a elan that sympathises development in the classroom various(prenominal)ly, and as a whole CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). When considering the role of the primal barbarianishness educator, the knowledgeableness of adaptive and accommodating teaching methods is crucial to building a supportive and dynamic environment for scholarship. In building such an environment, educators whitethorn use the guiding ex angstrom unitle of DAP to ensure that their classroom not only reinforces an advantageous atmosphere that is developmentally appropriate at any level, but excessively actively encourages continuous validating growt h for e very(prenominal)one in the study community. This position assertion reaffirms the benefits of DAP in an early peasanthood setting by examining its guidelines, the needs and characteristics of young children, the many factors influencing a childs learning and development, creating an environment that jar againsts these needs, family and community involvement,and collar the benefits and uses of judging.Developmentally Appropriate institutionalise In stray to highlight its benefit as an infrastructure to early childhood education, one essential first understand developmentally appropriate practice itself. Key to understanding DAP is the understanding that it is informed by our knowledge of development finished theory, literature, and research, confirming that it is an evidence based practice CITATION Nat09 p 10 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009, p. 10).The force of DAP, however, relies on conscious and constant intentionality, in theknowledge that practitioners consider when they a re making decisions, and in their of all time aiming for goals that are both contend and achievable for children (9). This wealth of knowledge required of early childhood educators includes wide understanding of development, but is shaped by ones knowledge of each child as an individual, their needs and abilities, and the social and cultural contexts from which they shape up (9,10).This studious intention and forging of familys fosters an everywhereall enthusiasm for learning by creating an environment for each individual child inwhich they are uniquely known, understood, and respected. The National draw for the Education of Young Childrens publication of their position statement in the mid 1980s was super influential in the widespread recognition of DAP CITATION Sue10 p 70 l 1033 (Bredek angstrom unit, 2010, p. 70). DAP is defined as a practice that promotes the optimal learning and development of young children, of which is anchored in research regarding both child develo pment as wellspring as what is required of effective education in early childhood settings (16).In the interest of this definition, developmentally appropriate practice outlines five signifi quartertguidelines for addressing the decisions do by early childhood educators creating a community of learners, teaching to enhance development and learning, planning curriculum to achieve primal goals, assessing childrens development and learning, and establishing reciprocal relationships with families CITATION Nat09 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009).Criticism, however, has emerged in response to NAEYCs position statements over the years, questioning whether the recommended practices retain equal relevance when applied to diverse groups of students CITATION Sue10 p 71 l 1033 (Bredekamp, 2010, p.71). In actuality, the significance of this statement is countered in the very definition of this statement, and is even directly addressed in the most recent publication of NAEYCs position statement on DAP.Bec ause the United States childrens learning opportunities often differ sharply with family income 1 / 4 and education, ethnicity, and language background, sizable achievement gaps exist and energise been identified between demographic groups CITATION NAE09 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). For this reason, a strong need for the narrowing of these gaps has been clearly emphasized, explaining thateducators and programs must therefore provide even more extended, enriched, and intensive learning experiences for children whos learning opportunities have been deprived by such disparities CITATION NAE09 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009).Characteristics and Needs of Children In order to enable children to reach challenging and achievable goals, understanding that all domains of a childs development are interre posthumousd is imperative. In this, children do not divide their experiences, but contrarily their learning and development evolves as one colossal culmination of all experience CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor , 2013).Not only are all areas of development and learning consequential similarly, they are the result of the interaction between the sequential and varying maturation of the child and their growing experience CITATION Nat09 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). The inseparable nature of all developmental domains physical, social, emotional, and cognitive, illustrate the relational needs of each child at the different comprises of their development. Every child is different, and while development may be predicted in a sequential progression, it does vary and cannot be completely limited to what we consider more exact periods of development.The generally accepted periods of development, however, refer to infancy extending from birth- 2years, early childhood as 2-5 years, and middle and late childhood as 5-11 years of age. Cephalocaudal pattern of growth characterizes physical development in infancy, where growth occurs from the direct down, resulting in control of the head before the legs CITAT ION Joh11 p 107 l 1033 (Santrock, 2011, p. 107). Motor development and so originates from the center of the body and moves outward, where coordination of the trunk and arms precede the hands and fingers CITATION Mot10 l 1033 (Flinders University, 2010).Beginning as gross and graduating to fine move development, reach and grasp are achieved in infancy. Crawling and walking also occur during infancy, typically between 5-17 months CITATION Mot10 l 1033 (Flinders University, 2010). Motor abilities develop rapidly in early childhood in which walking leads to running and jumping, the ability to climb develops, and hand-eye coordination progresses with the growing ability to cross midplane CITATION Joh11 l 1033 (Santrock, 2011). By mid to late childhood myelination of the nervous system results in employment skills relative to that of an adults (153).Cognitive development can be simplified into iii stages sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational. Infants in the sensorimot or stage coordinate an understanding of the introduction through sensory experiences, eventually leading to the beginnings of symbolic idea (174). During the preoperational stage, childrens ability to think symbolically expands as they begin to use words and images to represent their interpreting of the world (180). Their interpretation, however, is strongly influenced by egocentrism and centration (174). By mid to late childhood, the concrete operational stage emerges.From 6-7 years and on children exhibit the ability to perform concrete operations in their capacity to logically reason regarding concrete events, and use classification and seriation to organize objects (174). The maturation of self-understanding explains the complexities of social and emotional development in children. Children are not just given a self by their parents or culture rather, they have themselves(324). As they grow, their cognitive representation of the self, or self-understanding, changes (324). Se lf-recognition is the key indicator of self-understanding in infancy, and initiallyappears around three months of age (324). The ability to establish a positive recognition of oneself sets the stage for establishing relationships with others, as well as the eventual positive regulation and understanding of emotions. In conjunction with verbal communication, children are able to descriptively distinguish themselves, typically using abilities or accomplishments, active and physical descriptions, or unrealistic overestimations to define themselves (326-7). For example, a 4-year-old may describe himself or herself by saying I know how to count or I have blonde hair and he hasbrown hair (325).Social comparison and self-description grow in complexity in mid to late 2 / 4 childhood, and include more realistic identifications of the self. With change magnitude aptitude for perspective, children compare themselves with others, and use social and psychological traits to refer to themselves. For instance, a 7-year-old may say, I am smart, and I can ride a bike as good as my sister (326). Creating cultivation Environments Providing an environment that is rich and diverse in intellectual and sensory experiences supports an effective and developmentally appropriate curriculum.The careful and informed intention of teachers is also reflected in learning environments that meet and challenge the needs of each individual child as well as the classroom as a whole. Infants and toddlers require a stimulant and dynamic sensory environment as they begin to establish themselves through the physical exploration of the world around them. As infants and toddlers begin to crawl, they need easily accessible opportunities to manipulate and observe their environment. Placing mirrors at ground level, and providing reachable and interesting toys and pictures, encourage development.The establishment of trust and impropriety is also central to infantile development therefore, building respons ive relationships between child and teacher should be emphasized as well as providing a safe and natural environment in support of the child CITATION Tri09 l 1033 (Trister amp Bickart, 2009). Interactively reading to infants and toddlers is vital to establishing a relationship with language and begins a visual familiarity with script CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Centering on initiative, 3 to 5-year-olds need an interactive environment that offers them manychoices, and allows them to grow in their decision-making abilities CITATION Tri09 l 1033 (Trister amp Bickart, 2009).Language skills during these years expand enormously, as do fine and gross motor abilities meaning, the richer and more interesting the environment, the more opportunities there are for children to learn (1). The learning environment should reflect the very physically and socially active nature of 3 to 5-year-olds and should allow for spacious areas for high-level group play, as well as individual playtime. It is especially important to recognize that the physicalenvironment is the vehicle through which children learn and therefore should be changed periodically to inspire new experiences (1).During the years of mid to late childhood, autonomy becomes a source of power for children as they demonstrate self-direction and pride in accomplishment (1). The creation of stations, corners, or individual learning environments within the classroom provide space for this feeling of independence. Establishing friendships is very important to 6 to 8-year-olds, meaning that the environment should also include opportunities for high-level small group play.Across thedevelopmental board, however, a child needs to be able to see themselves in their environment as well as in their learning experiences. Interests of all children should be catered to by the learning environment as well as challenged by it. Displaying pictures of students, their work or accomplishments, and what intrigues them promotes po sitive development of the self, and creates enthusiasm for learning. Assessment Dynamic, constant, and ongoing sound judgement is key in early childhood education, and should barely look or behave like assessment at all CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013).The power ofobservation and assessment lies in their ability to tease into some of the purest and uninhibited forms of interaction children exhibit. Play is the expression of who a child is in every way, and therefore should be closely and individually observed in order to better understand on the dot where children are developing, their strengths, what challenges them, and their unique interests CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Educators must asses major childhood growth and developmental domains, pass judgment outcomes, and unique patterns of development in order to provide scaffolding experiencesthat value each individual child as well as the learning community CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013).Maintaining portfolio s for each child in a class tracks progress, as well as paints a better picture of development and learning for that child. Portfolios should be reviewed with the child and their families, contain notes and observations regarding the child in all domains, and should hold 3 / 4 examples of accomplishments made by the child reflected over time. Influences on Learning It is nearly impossible to identify every prospect of influence on a childs learning.Among themultitude of ways learning is influenced, the role of the teacher is paramount, along with the impact of peers, family, and culture. Parents are extremely powerful in their influence on their childs sentiment towards learning and being a part of a community of learners. Encouragement and support from parents communicates the vastness of their development, as well as fosters desire to learn and be a part of their greater community. Parents can demonstrate a loving care for their childrens continued achievement by doing something as elementary as reading to them every night.Bymaking this simple commitment to their child, parents promote a positive attitude towards this sort of intellectual engagement, as well as strengthen a caring relationship with their child. Not only is learning made important by this, but so too is the brilliance of investing quality time together reinforced. Involving Families and the Community Families, culture, and communities that children come from directly impact their value and understanding of how one behaves, demonstrates respect, and appreciates CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013).Building reciprocal partnerships with parents and families establishes mutualrespect, cooperation, shared responsibility necessary in moving toward the achievement of shared goals CITATION Nat09 p 23 l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009, p. 23). Meeting the family where they are and where they come from, relationships are established through ongoing trust and commitment to one another. Families should be invited into the classroom community, supported, and encourage in their involvement.Keeping families informed via newsletters, inviting them into the classroom, providing conferences, and even making home visits are all ways in which a caring community of learners is built CITATION Liz13 l 1033 (Taylor, 2013).Conclusion The benefits of using developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood education are exemplified in its specific intention to meet and challenge the developmental needs of each individual child, as well as the entire class. By discussing the characteristics and needs of children, their progressive development across all domains, the ways in which their learning environment reflects and meets those needs, the importance and benefits of assessment, influences on learning, and the importance of family and community involvement, one can see how DAP holisticallyapproaches early childhood education. Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY Bredekamp, S. (2010). rough-and-ready Practices i n Early Childhood Education Building a Foundation . Online . Flinders University. (2010, Feb 6). Motor Development. Retrieved from ehlt. flinders. edu. au http//ehlt. flinders. edu. au/education/DLiT/2000/Motor%20Dev/start. htm NAEYC. (2009). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from turn out through Age 8. (C. Copple, amp S. Bredekamp, Eds. ) Retrieved from National Association for the Education of Young Children www. naeyc. org NAEYC. (2009).Key Messages of the Position Statement. (C. Copple, amp S. Bredekamp, Eds. ) Retrieved from National Association for the Education of Young Children www. naeyc. org Santrock, J. (2011). Child Development (13th ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill . Taylor, L. (2013, November ). Developmentally Appropriate Practice . (E. 3. Lecture, Interviewer) Trister, D. , amp Bickart, T. (2009). How Curriculum Frameworks Respond to Developmental Stages Birth through Age 8. Retrieved December 2013, from ECAP Collaborativ e http//ecap. crc. illinois. edu/pubs/katzsym/dodge. hypertext mark-up language POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).